BioseLa biosemiótica y la biología cognitiva en organismos sin sistema nervioso

Óscar Castro García

Resumen


Biosemiotics and cognitive biology in organisms without a nervous system.

Biosemiotics is a discipline that emerged in the 1960s from studying communication and transfer of signs and signals between animals (zoosemiotic) by the semiologist Thomas Sebeok. Its origin can be placed a hundred years ago in the works of the biologist and philosopher Jakob von Uexküll, who develop a “theory of meaning” (Bedeutungslehre) to describe (with the minimal possible anthropocentricity) how animals perceive their environment and inner world. It is review here the conditions of possibility for cognitive processes in organisms without a nervous system, where some events lead us to propose ways of learning and behavior influenced not only by basic tropisms. We study the biosemiotic cognitive foundations within slime molds and bacteria, in order to establish a possible phenomenological biology, based on the measurement of minimal perception thresholds.

 

Key words: Biosemiotics, transdisciplinarity, cognition, information, Physarum polycephalum, tensegrity, microtubules, haptic perception, tectology, Santiago theory, Weber-Fechner law.

 


Texto completo:

PDF

Referencias


Albrecht-Buehler, G. (1981), “Does the geometric design of centroles imply their function,” Cell Motility, 1. pp. 237-245.

Albrecht-Buehler, G. (1992), “Rudimentary form of cellular ‘vision’ ”, PNAS 89, 8288-8292.

Albrecht-Buehler, G. (1998), “Altered drug resistance of microtubules in cells exposed to infrared light pulses: are microtubules the ‘nerves’ of cells?” Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 40 (2): 183-192.

Albrecht-Buehler, G., Zand, M. S. (1998), “Long-term observation of cultured cells by interference-reflection microscopy: near-infrared illumination and y-contrast image processing,” Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (2): 94-103.

Aravind, L., Pointing, C. P. (1999), “The cytoplasmic helical linker domain of receptor histidine kinase and methyl-accepting proteins is common to many prokaryotic signalling proteins,” FEMS Microbiology Letters 176 (1): 111-116.

Baer, K. E. von (1864), Reden gehalten in wissenschaftlichen Versammlungen und kleinere Aufsätze vermischten Inhalts. St. Petersbourg Schmitzdorff..

Ball, P. (2008), “Cellular memory hints at the origins of intelligence,” Nature 451, p. 385.

Baluka, S., Mancuso, S. (2009), “Deep evolutionary origins of neurobiology,” Communicative & Integrative Biology 2 (1): 60-65.

Baluka, S., Mancuso, S. (2009), “Deep evolutionary origins of neurobiology. Glossary,” Communicative & Integrative Biology 2 (1): 1-2.

Barandiaran, X., Di Paolo, E. & Rohde, M. (2009), “Defining agency. Individuality, normativity, asymmetry and spatio-temporality in action,” Journal of Adaptive Behavior. (Rohde, M. & Ikegami, T. (eds.) Special Issue on Agency.)

Barends, T. R., et al. (2009), “Structure and mechanism of a bacterial light-regulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase”, Nature 459 (7249), pp. 1015-8.

Bateson, G. (1979), Mind and Nature. A Necessary Unity. NY: Dutton. En castellano: Espíritu y Naturaleza. Amorrortu editors, Madrid, 2006.

Ben-Jacob, E. (2009), “Learning from bacteria about natural information processing,” in Natural Genetic Engineering and Natural Genome Editing. Edited by G. Witzany. Annual New York Academy of Sciences 1178, pp 78–90.

Ben-Jacob, E., Shapira, Y., Tauber, A. I. (2006), “Seeking the foundations of cognition in bacteria. From Schrödinger’s negative entropy to latent information,” Physica A, 359, pp. 495–524.

Boring, E. (1956), “Gustav Theodor Fechner,” en Newman, J. R., The World of Mathematics. Vol. 3, NY: Simon & Schuster Inc., pp. 217-234.

Capra, F. (1996), The Web of Life. NY: Anchor Books. En castellano: La trama de la vida. Una nueva perspectiva de los sistemas vivos. Anagrama. Col. Argumentos. Barcelona, 1998.

Castro, O. (2009), Jakob von Uexküll: El concepto de Umwelt y el origen de la biosemiótica. Trabajo de investigación para la obtención del DEA. Departament de Filosofia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

Chebanov, S. V. (1999), “Biohermeneutics and hermeneutics of biology,” Semiotica 127 (1/4), pp. 215 -226.

Cope, F. W. (1976), “Derivation of the Weber-Fechner law and the Loewenstein equation as the steady-state response of an Elovich solid state biological system,” Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 38 (2), pp. 111-118.

Copelli, M. (2002), “Physics of psychophysics. Stevens and Weber-Fechner laws are transfer functions of excitable media,” Physics Review E 65, 060901-1-4.

Cornillon, S., et al. (2008), “Involvement of sib proteins in the regulation of cellular adhesion in Dictyostelium discoideum,” Eukariotic Cell 7 (9), pp. 1600-1605.

Cumsky, M. G., Zusman, D. (1979), “Myxobacterial hemagglutinin: A development-specific lectin of Myxococcus Xanthus,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76 (11), pp. 5505-5509

Cumsky, M. G., Zusman, D. (1981), “Binding properties of myxobacterial hemagglutin,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 256 (23), pp. 12596-12599.

Eigen, M. (1971), “Molecular self-organization and the early stages of evolution,” Quaterly Reviews of Biophysics 4, 2&3, pp. 149.

Florkin, M. (1974), “Concepts of molecular biosemiotics and of molecular evolution,” Comprehensive Biochemistry 29 A. pp. 1–124.

Freeman, W. J. (2007), “Indirect biological measures of consciousness from field studies of brains as dynamical systems,” Neural Networks 20, pp. 1021–1031

Fuller, R. B. (1975), Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.

García Martínez, J. M. (2007), Mecanismos intracelulares de supervivencia y muerte neuronal en modelos excitóxicos y transgénicos de la enfermedad de Huntington. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Barcelona. Departamento de Biología Celular y Anatomía Patológica.

Gregor, T., et al. (2010), “The onset of collective behavior in social amoebae,” Science 328, 1021-1025.

Haken, H. (1977), Synergetics – An Introduction: Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Haken, H. (1987), “Synergetics. An approach to self-organization,” in Yates. F. E. (ed.) Self-Organizing Systems. The Emergence of Order. NY: Plenum Press, pp. 417-434.

Hämäläinen, R., Saarinen, E. (2004), Systems Intelligence—Discovering a hidden competence in human action and organizational life. Systems Analysis Laboratory Research Reports. Helsinki University of Technology.

Hellingwerf, K. J. (2005), “Bacterial observations: a rudimentary form of intelligence?”, Trends in Microbiology 13 (4), pp. 152-158.

Hillen, T., Painter, K. J. (2009), “A user’s guide to PDE models for chemotaxis,” Mathematical Biology 58, pp. 183-217.

Hoffmeyer, J. (1998), “Surfaces inside surfaces. On the origin of agency and life,” Cybernetics and Human Knowing 5 (1), pp. 33–42.

Hoshikawa, H., Saitô, N. (1978), “On the chemical reactions for chemotaxis in bacteria,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 70, pp. 1-15.

Ingber, D. E. (1997), “Tensegrity: the architectural basis of cellular mechanotransduction,” Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59, pp. 575–599.

Ingber, D. E. (2003), “Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology,” Journal of Cell Science 116 (7), pp. 1157-1173.

Jacob, E. B., Becker, I., Shapira, Y., Levine, H. (2004), “Bacterial linguistic communication and social intelligence,” Trends in Microbiology 12 (8), pp. 366-372.

Kang, Ch. M., et al. (1996), “Homologous Pairs of Regulatory Proteins Control Activity of Bacillus subtilis Transcription Factor ?B in Response to Environmental Stress,” Journal of Bacteriology 178 (13), pp. 3846-3853.

Kant, I. (1786-1790), Kritik der Urteilskraft. Berlin und Libau, bey Lagarde und Friederich. LVIII und 477 Seiten. Ejemplar en castellano: Crítica del juicio. Espasa Calpe, Col. Austral. (1995), 6ª edición. Traducción: Manuel Garcia Morente.

Kauffman, S. (1990), “The science of complexity and origins of order,” Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 2, pp. 299-322.

Keller, E. F., Segel, L. A. (1971) “Traveling bands of chemotactic bacteria. A theoretical analysis,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 30, pp. 235-248.

Kishimoto, U. (1958a), “Rhythmicity in the protoplasmic streaming of a slime mold, Physarum polycephalum I,” The Journal of General Physiology 41 (6), pp. 1205-1222.

Kishimoto, U. (1958a), “Rhythmicity in the protoplasmic streaming of a slime mold, Physarum polycephalum II,” The Journal of General Physiology 41 (6), pp. 1223-1244.

Kitano, H. (ed.) (2001), Foundations of Systems Biology, Boston: MIT Press.

Kobayashi, R., Tero, A., Nakagaki, T. (2006), “Mathematical model for rhythmic protoplasmic movement in the true slime mold,” Journal of Mathematical Biology 53, pp. 273–286.

Koshland Jr, D. E. (1980), “Bacterial chemotaxis in relation to neurobiology,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 3, pp. 43-75.

Kovác, L. (2006), “Life, chemistry and cognition. Conceiving life as knowledge embodied in sentient chemical systems might provide new insights into the nature of cognition,” European Molecular Biology Organization vol. 7, n. 6, pp. 562-566.

Krampen, M (1981), “Phytosemiotics,” Semiotica vol. 36 (3/4), pp.187-209.

Langston, R. F., et al. (2010), “Development of the spatial representation system in the rat,” Science 328, pp. 1576-1580.

Lazopoulos, K. A. (2005), “Stability of an elastic cytoskeletal tensegrity model”. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 42, pp. 3459–3469.

Lenoir, T. (1980), “Kant, Blumenbach, and vital materialism in German biology,” Isis 71, pp. 77-108.

Lenoir, T. (1988), “Kant, Von Baer, and causal-historical thinking in biology,” Poetics Today vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 103-115.

Lenoir, T. (1989), The Strategy of Life: Teleology and Mechanics in Nineteenth-Century German Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Llinás, R. R (2003), El cerebro y el mito del yo. Barxcelona: Belacqva Ediciones.

Llinás, R. R. (2001), I in the Vortex, From Neurons to Self. Boston: MIT Press.

Luisi, P. L. (1998), “About various definitions of life,” Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 28, pp. 613-622.

Luisi, P. L. (2006), The Emergence of Life: from Chemical Origin to Synthetic Biology. Cambridge University Press. En castellano: La vida emergente. De los orígenes químicos a la biología sintética. Tusquets Ediciones. Barcelona, 2010.

Luisi, P. L., Bersini, H., Stano, P., Bedau, M. A. (2010), “Philosophical and scientific perspectives on emergence,” Synthese 173, in press.

Luisi, P. L., Varela, F. J (1989), “Self-replicating micelles — A chemical version of a minimal autopoietic system,” Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 19, pp. 633-643.

Luisi, P. Luigi, Damiano, L. (2010), “Towards an autopoietic redefinition of life,” Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 40, pp. 145–149

Lyon, P. (2006), “The biogenic approach to cognition”, Cognitive Processing 7(1): 11-12.

Matsuno, K. (2008), “Molecular semiotics toward the emergence of life,” Biosemiotics 1, pp. 131-144.

Maturana, H. R. (1996), Was ist Erkennen? Die Welt entsteht im Auge diciembre Betrachters. Berlin: Goldmann Verlag.

Maturana, H. R. (1970), Biology of Cognition. Reimpreso en Maturana, H. R., Varela, F. J. (1980) Autopoiesis: The Organitation of the Living. Doldrecht: Reidel.

Maturana, H. R. (1995), La realidad: ¿Objetiva o construida?, tomo I. Barcelona: Anthropos.

Maturana, H. R., Varela, F. J. (1994), De máquinas y seres vivos. Autopoiesis: la organización de lo vivo. Santiago: Ed. Universitaria.

Medina, A. E., et al (2006), “Restoration of neuronal plasticity by a phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibitor in a model of fetal alcohol exposure,” The Journal of Neuroscience, January 18, 2006, 26 (3), pp. 1057-1060.

Miyake, Y., et al. (1993), “Environment-dependent self organization of positional information field in coupled nonlinear oscillator system,” The IEICE Transactions Fundamentals E76-A (5), pp. 780-785.

Miyazaki, K., Hayashi, M. (1992), “Physarum vitronectin-like protein: An ArgGly-Asp-dependent cell-spreading protein with a distinct NH2-terminal sequence,” Experimental Cell Research 199 (2), pp. 106-110.

Moreno, A., Umerez, J. (2000), “Downward causation’ at the core of living organization,” in P. B. Andersen, C. Emmeche, N. O. Finnemann & P. V. Christiansen (eds.) Downward Causation, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, pp. 99-117.

Müller, B. S., di Primio, F., Lengeler, J. W. (2001), “Contributions of minimal cognition to flexibility,” in N. Callaos, W. Badawy & S. Bozinovski (Eds.), SCI 2001 Proceedings of the5th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Volume XV, Industrial Systems: Part II, by the International Institute of Informatics and Systemics, pp. 93-98.

Nagano, Y., et al. (1992), “Yolk Vitronectin,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 (34), pp. 24863-24870.

Nakagaki, T. (2001), “Smart behavior of true slime mold in a labyrinth,” Research in Microbiology 152, pp. 767–770.

Nakagaki, T., Guy, R. (2008), “Intelligent behaviors of amoeboid movement based on complex dynamics of soft matter,” Soft Matter 4, pp. 57–67.

Nakagaki, T., Kobayashi, R., Nishiura, Y., Ueda, T. (2004) “Obtaining multiple separate food sources; behavioural intelligence in the Physarum plasmodium,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271, pp. 2305–2310.

Nakagaki, T., Kobayashi, R., Tero, A, (2006), “Physarum solver. A biologically inspired method of road-network navigation,” Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 363 (1), pp. 115-119.

Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H. & Hara, M. (2004), Smart network solutions in an amoeboid organism. Biophys. Chem. 107, pp. 1–5.

Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H., Toth, A. (2000), “Maze-solving by an amoeboid-organism,” Nature 407, pp. 470.

Nelson, D. R., Cumsky, M. G., Zusman, D. (1981), “Localization of myxobacterial hemagglutinin in the periplasmic space and on the cell surface of Myxococcus xanthus during developmental aggregation,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 256 (23), pp. 12589-12595.

Nicolescu, B. (2008), “The idea of levels of reality and its relevance for non-reduction and personhood,” Conference Metanexus Institute, Madrid.

Nikolaev, A. R., et al, (2010), “Duration of coherence intervals in electrical brain activity in perceptual organization,” Cerebral Cortex 20(2), pp. 365-382.

Norsell, U., Finger, S., Lajonchere, C. (1999), “Cutaneous sensory spots and the ‘law of specific nerve energies’: history and development of ideas,” Brain Research Bulletin 48 (5), pp. 457-465.

Ohta, T., Yoshimura, T. (2005), “Statistical pulse dynamics in a reaction–diffusion system,” Physica D 205, pp. 189–194.

Ortiz de Zárate, A. (2000), “Teorías sobre la conciencia en los últimos años,” Revista de historia de la psicología 21 (2-3), pp. 341-348.

Palmer, L., Lynch, G. (2010), “A Kantian view of space,” Science 328, pp. 14871488.

Pattee, H. H. (1973), Hierarchy Theory. New York: George Braziller

Pattee, H. H. (1978), “Biological systems theory: descriptive and constructive complementarity,” in G.J. Klir (ed.) Applied General Systems Research, New York: Plenum, pp. 511-520.

Pérez Otero, M. (1994), “Propiedades teleológicas y superveniencia”, en Propiedades lógicas y superveniencia. Endoxa: Series Filosóficas, Madrid: UNED, pp. 121-145.

Pfeffer, W. (1884), “Locomotorische Richtungsbewegungen durch chemische Reize,” in Untersuchungen Botanischen aus dem Institut zu Tubingen. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 363-481.

Pfeffer, W. (1888), “Über chemotaktische Bewegungen von Bacterien, Flagellaten u. Volvocineen,” in Untersuchungen Botanischen aus dem Institut zu Tubingen. Vol. 2. leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 582-661.

Pfeffer, W. (1906), The Physiology of Plants. A treatise upon the Metabolism and Sources of Energy in Plants, vol 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 213-216; 321-322 y 355.

Pintos-Peñarada, M. L. (2002), “Aron Gurwitsch: Fenomenología de la percepción y encuentro con Kurt Goldstein,” Phainomenon. Revista de Fenomenología 14 (2007), 255-277 / para la versión online: Investigaciones Fenomenológicas, 6 (2008), 327-355, http://www.uned.es/dpto_fim/invfen/InvFen6/17_mluz.pdf

Pirentis, A. P., Lazopoulos, K. A. (2009), “On the singularities of a constrained tensegrity-cytoskeleton model under equitriaxia loading,” International Journal of Solids and Structures 47 (6), pp. 759-767.

Prigogine, I. (1955/ 1961), Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. New York: Interscience.

Prigogine, I., Nicolis, G. (1977), Self-Organization In Non-Equilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations, New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Salthe, S. N. (1985), Evolving Hierarchical Systems: Their Structure and Representation. NY: Columbia University Press.

Salthe, S. N. (2008), “Natural selection in relation to complexity,” Artificial Life 14: 363–374.

Sato, M., Wong, T. Z., Allen, R. (1983), “Rheological properties of living cytoplasm. Endoplasm of Physarum Plasmodium,” The Journal of Cell Biology 97, pp. 1089-1097.

Schauder, S., Bassler, Bonnie L. (2001), “The languages of bacteria,” Genes & Development 15, pp. 1468-1480.

Shirakawa, T., Adamatzky, A., Gunji, Y-P., Miyake, Y. (2009), “On simultaneous construction of voronoi diagram and delaunay triangulation by Physarum polycephalum,” International Journal of Bifurcation & Chaos in Applied Sciences & Engineering, 19 (10), pp. 3109-3117.

Shuster, S. C., et al. (1996), “The hybrid histidine kinase DokA is part of the osmotic response system of Dictyostelium,” The EMBO Journal 15 (15), pp. 3880-3889.

Skelton, R.E., Sultan, C. (1997), “Controllable tensegrity, a new class of smart structures,” Proceedings of the SPIE 4th Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 3039, pp. 166–177.

Sozinova, O., Jiang, Y., Kaiser, D., Alber, M. (2005), “A three-dimensional model of myxobacterial aggregation by contact-mediated interactions,” PNAS 102 (32), pp. 11308-11312.

Stamenovic, D. (2005), “Effects of cytoskeletal prestress on cell rheological behavior,” Acta Biomateralia 1, pp. 255-262.

Stamenovic, D., Fredberg, J. J., Wang, N., Butler, J. P., Ingber, D. E. (1996), “A microstructural approach to cytoskeletal mechanics based on tensegrity,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 181, pp. 125–136.

Stevens, S. S. (1957), “On the psychophysical law,” Psychological Review 64 (3), pp. 153-181.

Stock, A. M., et al. (2000), “Two-component signal transduction,” Annual Review of Biochemistry 69, pp. 183-215.

Stock, J., Levit, M. (2000), “Signal transduction. Hair brains in bacterial chemotaxis,” Current Biology 10 (1), pp. 11-14.

Stotz, K., Griffiths, P. E. (2008), “Biohumanities: Rethinking the relationship between biosciences, philosophy and history of science, and society,” Quarterly Review of Biology 83(1), pp. 37-45.

Sultan, C., Stamenovic, D., Ingber, D. E. (2004), A computational tensegrity model predicts dynamic rheological behaviors in living cells. Annual Biomedical Eng. 32, pp. 520–30.

Takamatsu, A., Takaba, E., Takizawa, G. (2009), “Environment-dependent morphology in plasmodium of true slime mold Physarum polycephalum and a network grow model,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 256, pp. 29-44.

Takamatsu, A., Tanaka, R., Yamada, H., Nakagaki, T., Fujii, T., Endo, I. (2001), “Spatiotemporal symmetry in rings of coupled biological oscillators of physarum plasmodial slime mold,” Physical Review Letters 87 (7), pp. 078102-1-4.

Tal, R., et al. (1998), “Three cdg operons control cellular turnover of cyclic di-GMP in Acetobacter xylinum: genetic organization and occurrence of conserved domains in isoenzymes,” J. Bacteriol. 180, pp. 4416–4425.

Tero, A., Takagi, S., Saigusa, T., Ito, K., Bebber, D. P., Fricker, M. D., Yumiki, K, Kobayashi, R., Nakagaki, T. (2010), “Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design,” Science 327, pp. 429-442.

Thompson, R. F. (1986), “The neurobiology of learning and memory,” Science 233, nº 4767, pp. 941-947.

Ueda, M., Kuroiwa, T., Matsunaga, S., Ogihara, S. (1999), Microtubule-dependent migration of the cell nucleus toward a future leading edge in amoebae Physarum polycephalum. Protoplasma, 211. pp. 172-182.

Uexküll J. von (1909), Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere. Berlin: J. Springer.

Uexküll, J. v. (1934), Ideas para una concepción del mundo. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. Col. Biblioteca de Ideas del Siglo XX.

Uexküll, J. v. (1940), Bedeutungslehre. Leipzig: Verlag von J.A.Barth. En castellano: Meditaciones Biológicas. Teoría de la Significación. Traducción de José M. Sacristán. Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1942.

Uexküll, J. von (1907), “Die Umrisse einer kommenden Weltanschauung“, Die neue Rundschau 8, 641-661.

Uexküll, J. von (1920 / 28), Theoretische Biologie.1. Aufl. Berlin, Gbr. Paetel/ 2. gänzl. neu bearb. Aufl. Berlin: J. Springer, 253. (1973) Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft, xxiv 378. Traducción en ingles: (1926), Theoretical Biology (Transl. by D. L. MacKinnon. International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.

Uexküll, J. von (1930), Die Lebenslehre. Potsdam: Müller und Kiepenheuer Verlag, und Zürich: Orell Füssli Verlag. En castellano: Teoría de la vida, Madrid: Editorial Svmma, 1944.

Varela, F. J. (1997), De cuerpo presente. Las ciencias cognitivas y la experiencia humana. Barcelona: Editorial Gedisa.

Varela, F. J. (1992), “Autopoiesis and a biology of intentionality,” in McMullin, B. and Murphy, N. (eds.) Autopoiesis and Perception, pp. 1–14.

Varela, F. J.; Maturana H. R.; Uribe, R. (1974), “Autopoiesis: The organization of living systems, its characterization and a model,” Biosystems 5, pp. 187-196.

Vedral, V (2010), Decoding Reality. The Universe as Quantum Information, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford. Book review in Werner, E. (2010), “Meaning in a quantum universe,” Science vol. 329, no. 5992, pp. 629 – 630.

Weber, A. (2001), “The ‘surplus of meaning’. Biosemiotic aspects in Francisco J. Varela’s philosophy of cognition,” Cybernetics & Human Knowing 9 (2), pp. 11-29.

Weber, A.; Varela, F. J. (2002), “Life after Kant: Natural purposes and the autopoiético foundations of biological individuality,” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1, pp. 97-125.

Werner, E. (1989), Distributed Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, M. Huhns L. Gasser , Eds. London: Pitman, pp. 3–36.

Werner, E. (1996), Applications of Multi-Agent Systems, J. W. Perram y J.-P. Müller, Eds. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp. 19–39.

Wills, T. J., et al. (2010), “Development of the hippocampal cognitive map in preweanling rats,” Science 328, pp. 1573-1576.

Witzany, G. (1995), “From the “logic of the molecular syntax” to molecular pragmatism,” Evolution and Cognition 1, pp 148-168.

Witzany, G. (2006), The Logos of the Bios 1. Contributions to the foundation of a three-leveled biosemiotics, Helsinki. Umweb.

Witzany, G. (2007b),. “The logos of the Bios 2” Bio-Communication. Helsinki. Umweb.

Witzany, G. (2008a), “Biocommunication of unicellular and multicellular organisms,” Triple C, 6 (1) pp. 24-53.

Witzany, G. (2008b), “Biocommunication of bacteria and its evolutionary interrelations to natural genome editing competences of viruses,” Nature Precedings. 1738.2

Witzany, G. (ed.) (2007), Biosemiotics in Transdisciplinary Contexts. Proceedings of the Gathering in Biosemiotics 6. Helsinky: UMWEB Publications.


Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


Revista semestral editada por el Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Políticos
y Sociales Vicente Lombardo Toledano de la Secretaría de Educación Pública,
la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa y Edicions UIB de la Universitat de les Illes Balears.

Lombardo Toledano 51, Col. Ex-Hda. Guadalupe Chimalistac,
Del. Alvaro Obregón, C.P. 01050, México, D.F.
Tels. (5255) 5661-4679 y 5661-4987
Fax: (5255) 5661-1787